Generalization, Specialization and Aggregation, are data abstraction mechanisms in the ER model. They are useful to hide specifics of a set of objects. Generalization in ER Model This is similar to a bottom-up method. Here, generally two or more lower-level entities unite to generate a higher-level object. But they must share some features. In principle, … Read more
Entity Relationship model (ER model) is a high-level data model. This model is useful to specify the data items and relationships for a specific system. It creates the conceptual architecture of a database. It also generates a data view that is relatively simple to construct. In ER modeling, the database structure is represented by an … Read more
In this tutorial, we will learn about data models in DBMS. A data model is a set of tools to summarize the database‘s description. The modeling of the data description, data semantics, and data consistency constraints is basically a data model. It gives you the conceptual tools you need to describe a database’s design at … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about types of databases in use, small introduction of them, their properties and examples. Centralized Database It is a centralized database system that stores information in a database. It enables users to access data stored in the system from a variety of locations and through a range … Read more
In this tutorial, we will learn about DBMS architecture. Users and programs may not always be able to directly access and store data in a Database Management system. Depending on its architecture, a Database Management system can be centralized (all data is stored in one area), decentralized (many copies of the database are maintained in … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about Database Management System. Data is a collection of one-of-a-kind small bits of information. Text, numbers, media, bytes, and other types of data can all be useful to create it. We can, for example, save on paper or in an electronic memory. A database basically is a … Read more
I/O interface refers to the process of transferring data from internal storage to external I/O devices. Peripherals linked to any computer system interface with the CPU via particular communication lines. These links are useful to bridge the gap between the CPU and the peripheral. Interface units are specific hardware components that sit between the CPU … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about RAM and ROM in computer organization. What Are RAM and ROM in Computer Organization RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU, which stores data, programs, and program results. It’s a read-only memory that stores data until the machine … Read more
Cache memory in computer organization is a speedier and smaller chunk of memory with access times that are as close as registers. Cache memory has a shorter access time than primary memory in a memory hierarchy. Because cache memory is typically relatively little, it basically acts as a buffer. The data or contents of the … Read more
Memory Hierarchy is a feature in computer system design that helps to organize memory. This was created using a programming technique called locality of references. This tutorial will help you to learn more about memory hierarchy. Types of Memory Hierarchy Design : There are two types of memory hierarchies in this design:Main Memory is the … Read more
In this tutorial we are going to learn about instruction format in computer organization. What is Instruction format : In terms of its basic pieces, instruction format explains the internal structures (layout design) of the bits of an instruction.An opcode must be there in an Instruction format, and the address is reliant on the availability … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about the various types of instructions (logical, arithmetic, branch) in computer organization. Logical Instructions in Computer Organization: A microprocessor’s logical instructions are simply those that carry out simple logical operations like OR, AND, XOR, and so on. The accumulator register is always the destination operand for instructions … Read more
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) architecture operates the capacity to function from “Instruction Set Architecture” to where it was designed. Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) and Complex instruction set computing (CISC) are basically two architectural designs for CPUs. Intel uses Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC), while Apple uses Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). RISC (Reduced … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about Addressing Modes in Computer Organization. The phrase addressing modes refers to the manner we state an instruction’s operand. Before the execution of the operand, the addressing mode provides a rule for interpreting or altering the address field of the instruction. Types of Addressing Modes in Computer … Read more
Here, we are going to learn about instructions in computer organization. Computer instructions are a set of machine language instructions that a certain processor understands and executes. A computer executes tasks based on the commands it receives. An instruction is made up of groups that make up a field. Following are some of the fields: … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about basic components of computer organization. A computer is a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts (data) digitized input information, processes it according to a list of internally stored instructions, and outputs the results. Programs are lists of instructions, while memory is internal storage. The way a … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about error correction in computer networks. When data goes from the sender to the receiver, error correction codes are there to detect and correct problems. Methods of Error Correction in Computer Networks: There are two methods for correcting errors: Backward error correction: When a backward mistake is … Read more
Here, we will learn about error detection in computer networks. When data goes from one device to another, the system cannot guarantee that the data received by one device matches the data sent by the other. An error occurs when the message received at the receiver end varies from the message sent. A mismatch occurs … Read more
In this tutorial, we will know about Multiplexing in computer networks. Multiplexing is a method of both combining and transmitting numerous data streams over a single channel. Multiplexing is accomplished using a device known as a Multiplexer (MUX). It combines n input lines into a single output line. Many-to-one multiplexing means there are n input … Read more
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about application layer in OSI model. In the OSI model, the application layer is the layer closest to the end user, which implies both the application layer and the end user can interact directly with the software application. Both client and server programs make up the application … Read more